Described in simple terms, Nicholas Meyer's Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan has endured as such a popular film (and as such good Star Trek to boot) for nearly thirty years because -- at its beating heart -- it concerns the psychology of two great leaders; two larger-than-life men who take very different paths in life.
One man, Admiral James T. Kirk (William Shatner) exemplifies experience and, through his friends and crew mates like Captain Spock (Leonard Nimoy), also wisdom.
When Kirk doesn't acknowledge his experience, his "first best destiny," he fails. When he remembers "why things work on a starship" -- such as relying on the advice of rational Mr. Spock -- he succeeds. It's that simple.
The other great leader is Khan (Ricardo Montalban), a "prince" of superior resources, vast intelligence...and a soul twisted and corrupted by years and decades of obsession.
Khan is a mirror-image of Kirk. His ego and intelligence may be considerable, but he has little practical experience captaining a starship, and -- unlike Kirk -- he explicitly ignores the advice of his people, namely the wise-beyond-his-years Joaquin (Judson Scott). Khan is Kirk out-of-balance, only with ten-times Kirk's strength and an unquenchable compulsion for vengeance.
Thus The Wrath of Khan is a essentially a 105-minute showdown between these two men, and a sustained, even intimate duel between their contrasting, mirror-image personal characteristics. The spaceships and other high-tech trappings are but a colorful backdrop for what is, in essence, a very old human story.
Above, I noted that both of these men are "larger-than-life." Indeed, Kirk and Khan might even be described as paragons of the human animal, and the way that the film mythologizes them, appropriately, is to connect both Kirk and Khan to the annals of human history, specifically to great literature of years and centuries past.
Producer Harve Bennett has termed this quality Nicholas Meyer's "literate" approach to the Star Trek universe, and he's dead right.
Again and again Meyer transmits to us important information about Kirk and Khan (and their lives) by contextualizing them in terms of great works of art such as John Milton's Paradise Lost, Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities, and, of course, Herman Melville's Moby Dick.
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| Khan's light reading: Moby Dick, King Lear and Paradise Lost. |
These particular books actually appear in the film themselves, in characters' hands and upon bookshelves.
Passages from these books are quoted regularly by Kirk and Khan too.
So, this is a future world deliberately linked to the present, and to the past as well. Past is prologue, history is real, and art tells us important things about ourselves and our human nature.
By carefully and purposefully forging this connection to the human experience as recounted through literature, The Wrath of Khan provides the audience -- citizens of the twentieth and twenty-first century -- an acute understanding of Kirk and Khan, these "men of the future" (of the 23rd century).
Thus these characters are not remote strangers to us. Rather they are part of a continuum of human experience (there's that word again...), and so we can ably identify with them. We all know about Joseph Campbell and "The Hero's Journey," a template which so many films have adopted by now that ennui has become the inescapable result.
Delightfully, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan tweaks that approach. Meyer's insistence on connecting Kirk and Khan to great literature simultaneously makes the characters sympathetic and recognizable, and elevates their tale to the realm of heroic poem. But he doesn't walk us through all the stereotypes we now know by heart from Campbell. He doesn't need to.
It's amazing to consider that The Wrath of Khan cost approximately one fourth of The Motion Picture (a film I resolutely admire, by the way), yet it is the lower-budged sequel that fans seem to consider "epic." In large part this sense of grandeur is due to the explicit connections Meyer makes with historical literature.
It was the Best of Times, it was the Worst of Times: The Heroic Poem of Admiral James T. Kirk.
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| A heroic entrance. |
In the case of Kirk, Meyer connects the great starship captain to a dozen or so Hornblower novels of C.S. Forester written between 1937 and 1967, and also Charles Dickens' 1859 chronicle of the French Revolution, A Tale of Two Cities.
In terms of universe and set-up, the Forester novels are likely of paramount importance. Gene Roddenberry always stated that the tales of Captain Horatio Hornblower, an English sea captain, were instrumental in the creation of Kirk.
To wit, Kirk and Hornblower share many common individual traits. They are both part of a benevolent military hierarchy, either the English Royal Navy or Starfleet Command. Both are also commanding officers: "men alone" making decisions of life and death on a dangerous terrain, whether the ocean or outer space.
Seizing on the Hornblower allusion, Meyers presents Star Trek fans with the most nautical, jaunty version of the outer space mythos yet presented. More than ever, Kirk plays the role of introvered Hornblower in The Wrath of Khan, proving an "unhappy and lonely" man with an overweening, overdeveloped "sense of duty."
Specifically, Kirk -- now in middle age -- has accepted a post as planet-based admiral, an act of loyalty to his command structure that clashes with his personal (and sublimated) desire to once again command a starship. "Spare me your notions of poetry Doctor, we all have our assigned duties," Kirk says to Dr. McCoy.
Throughout the film, the audience sees Kirk fighting this interior battle. Should he put the needs of the command structure (Starfleet) ahead of his own personal needs (to fulfill his "first best destiny" as Enterprise's captain)? He tries to convince himself he should, largely using his advancing age as a rationalization or excuse.
"Galloping around the cosmos is a game for the young," he tells Uhura (Nichelle Nichols), Sulu (George Takei) and Dr. McCoy (De Forest Kelley) after the Kobayashi Maru simulation.
McCoy accurately notes that Kirk is "hiding" behind "rules and regulations" and during the events of the film, Kirk comes to understand that his experience is indeed something that is needed at sea, or rather in the final frontier. His experience is the key to defeating a menace like Khan.
If the Hornblower saga provides Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan its nautical coloring (down to the use of a bosun in some sequences, and shots of torpedoes being launched from the ship...), A Tale of Two Cities provides the majority of the film's useful information about the enduring Kirk/Spock friendship.
In A Tale of Two Cities, two men -- Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay -- become intertwined against the volatile backdrop of the French Revolution. Literary critics have theorized that Carton and Darnay actually form part of one larger whole: the psyche even, perhaps, of author Dickens. In the end, Carton -- a man who has wasted his life -- goes to the guillotine and his death for "the better man," Darnay.
In Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Spock is the Carton figure, going to his noble death so that Kirk -- the Darnay figure -- may live on. Now, of course, Spock has not lived a wasted life like his literary predecessor. Spock is a brilliant, wonderful being, no doubt.
And yet, examined more closely, we can detect that Spock has, in some fascinating sense, "wasted" at least one important gift: his human heritage. It was not until The Motion Picture and his encounter with V'Ger that Spock came to understand the benefits and wonders of human emotion and human friendship.
"Jim, I should have known..." Spock admits, lamenting V'ger's inability to understand "this simple feeling" (friendship).
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| A Tale of Two Cities: Message, Spock? |
So no, Spock's life is not a waste in the sense that Carton's surely is, but Spock has not exactly lived a full "human" life, either.
Accordingly, both Carton and Spock sacrifice their lives for friends (Darnay and Kirk), and -- in that final act of martyrdom -- "redeem" themselves. Carton saves a better man; and Spock makes a "human" decision to save his eminently worthy shipmates, and specifically Kirk. In both cases, the decision to die a noble, selfless death defines these flawed men. Sacrifice is the act which allows them both to transcend their mortal errors.
It should be noted, as well, that A Tale of Two Cities was originally titled "Recalled to Life" and ends with Carton living on, in a sense, but only in spiritual form...envisioning a future in which his noble sacrifice bears remarkable, personal fruit (the birth of Darnay's son with Lucie.)
In Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Spock -- in some spiritual form (his katra...) -- goes on too. He mind-melds with Dr. McCoy and is literally, in The Search for Spock, "recalled to life."
But for here and now of Star Trek II, McCoy -- in the film's coda -- suggests Spock's spiritual immortality. "He's not really dead, you know. As long as we remember him."
Similarly, it is not hard to imagine Spock's death as the impetus that brings Kirk together with his love, Carol Marcus (Bibi Besch) and his son, David (Merrit Buttrick). Of course, it didn't quite turn out that way in the end, but as the events of The Wrath of Khan unfold -- before sequels set in -- it was certainly a valid speculation.
That Spock narrates Star Trek's famous introduction as a coda in The Wrath of Khan -- from beyond the grave apparently -- further enhances the idea of a "spiritual" Spock living beyond the material world (as was the case with Carton) and continuing in some "other" form.
Again, literary scholars have frequently suggested that Darnay/Carton forms a complete psyche, forms the basis for Dickens' "way" of viewing the world around him. Likewise, Star Trek scholars have suggested the same thing about Kirk/Spock and also about Kirk/Spock/McCoy. Specifically that -- taken as a whole -- the perspectives of Kirk and Spock (or of the aforementioned triumvirate) offer viewers a complete entity (Id/Ego/Superego) through which the world might be perceived and insightfully understood.
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| At film's end, a "lens" (representing Spock) is shattered. |
In a beautiful touch, Kirk is given in a pair of 400-year old spectacles, or eyeglasses, by Dr. McCoy early in the film, and we eventually see (after Khan's defeat) one "lens" shattered, broken.
This is plainly because Spock is dead, and one of our ways of "perceiving" the universe -- one part of the Kirk/Spock psyche -- has been destroyed. We can no longer "see" through that eye. Kirk's glasses -- our glasses -- are damaged, and that's a great, symbolic touch.
In terms of specifics, Star Trek II is also book-ended by element of A Tale of Two Cities, with the opening and closing passages of Dickens' book proving crucial elements of the thematic undercurrents. Near the beginning of the film, Spock gives Kirk A Tale of Two Cities for a birthday present, and Kirk reads aloud the first line. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times."
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| Spock's Sacrifice: It is a far better thing I do... |
At film's end, as Kirk contemplates his friend's noble death/sacrifice, he recites aloud the closing line of A Tale of Two Cities. "It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done. It is a far, far better rest I go to, than I have ever known."
Spock's sacrifice has thus resolved two problems in the narrative. First, it has resolved Kirk's existential crisis, which is reflected in the opening, introductory quote "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times," and given him a new lease on life.
And secondly, Spock's sacrifice has resolved Spock's lifetime crisis, the fact that he "wasted" his life on the Vulcan way, instead of fully embracing his human heritage. As I noted above, his final sacrifice (echoing clearly Carton's) erases the mistakes of his life span.
In life, Spock was always forced to hide and cover his human half. He could not rest for fear of being discovered (and taunted...) by Dr. McCoy and others. Every day, Spock had to fear that his cool Vulcan mask would slip and he would be exposed. What the last line of A Tale of Two Cities suggests is that in embracing humanity -- and in embracing sacrifice/death -- Spock has done "a far better thing" than he ever did. In death, he can finally find a "better rest" than he ever knew in worrisome life.
Surely, this is the most elegant and beautiful use of literature in a science fiction epic yet put to celluloid. We learn everything we need to know about Spock and Kirk, and where they are emotionally and personally in their lives at this point through the book-end quotes from A Tale of Two Cities.
Because film is primarily a visual medium, Nicholas Meyer also utilizes some terrific film grammar to make the point about Spock's sacrifice bringing a second life to his beloved friend
In one instance, Meyer artfully cross-cuts between the birth of the Genesis Planet (forming in what's left of the Mutara Nebula) and Kirk desperately running through the corridors of his starship to say his final farewells to his old friend. As Kirk's eulogy for Spock notes, the half-Vulcan's death "takes place in the shadow of new life." The lovely, if haunting images show us that dichotomy.
Yet it is not merely Genesis itself that represents this new life. Spock's sacrifice is the thing that gives Kirk his second lease on life. After Spock's sacrifice, Kirk feels "young." He is no longer worrying about his life that "could have been...but wasn't" (as he declares with resignation in the Genesis Cave.). Contrarily, he is musing on Spock's axiom that "there are" -- in life -- "always possibilities."
In other words, in direct defiance of Star Trek's TV-styled origins, Captain Kirk's viewpoint has changed and evolved. He has suddenly -- for the first time in his life -- "faced death" instead of "cheating his way" out of death. Spock has made Kirk realize just how valuable his life is; how valuable his remaining years truly are. By facing death and acknowledging his mortality, Kirk is in a position now to no longer fear his own mortality. At last...he can live.
Again, I should stress that this realization would not be nearly as meaningful or resonant without the guidepost of Dickens' work; without the comparison of Kirk and Spock to Darnay and Carton and their own literary journey.
Better to Reign in Hell than Serve in Heaven: The Tragedy of Khan Noonien Singh
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| Better to Reign in Hell (on Ceti Alpha V) than serve in the Federation. |
We have seen how Admiral Kirk in The Wrath of Khan is tied explicitly to the literature of Dickens and Forester.
His opposite number, Khan, is also defined largely in terms of literature in the film.
The first such work to consider is Paradise Lost, written by John Milton in 1667.
Mimicking the structure of Virgil's Aeneid, Paradise Lost's numerous "books" (chapters, essentially) concern the War in Heaven and the expulsion of man from the Garden of Eden (a topic also covered in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country).
"Space Seed," the Star Trek episode that introduced Khan (Montalban), ended with the former tyrant happy to go into exile, far away from the "paradise" or Heaven-like utopia of the United Federation of Planets. Specifically, Khan asked Kirk if he had ever read Milton. After Khan's departure, Kirk quoted Lucifer's famous line from Milton -- upon being cast into the fiery lake of Tartarus -- that it was "better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven."
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan dramatically furthers the comparison between Khan and Milton's fallen angel, Lucifer. Because of a catastrophic orbital shift, Ceti Alpha V has literally become a Hell -- an arid, hot desert world populated not by demons, but "monsters" like the Ceti Eel.
If you recall your Milton, you know that Lucifer was cast to Hell in the first place for attempting an insurrection in Heaven, and that was also Khan's crime in "Space Seed:" attempting to take command of the starship Enterprise. Kirk (as God?) cast Khan down to Hell in response to this act.
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| Explain it to them! Khan is Ahab and Lucifer. |
Of course, that banishment was neither the end of Khan nor the end of Lucifer.
In Book 2 of Paradise Lost, Lucifer and his "rebel angels" (the makeshift, genetically-engineered crew of the captured Reliant in this case) learn of a new world, a new Eden being formed exlusively for man.
Once more, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan strongly reflects this idea, as Khan and his rebel followers depart from Hell (Ceti Alpha V)and make for a new "paradise" created by the Federation. This new "world" is the not-yet formed Genesis planet, a miracle of sorts -- no less than "the power of creation" -- which promises an end to "cosmic problems" such as "hunger" and "over-population." Khan wants a stake in that new Heaven. He wants Genesis. Whereas Spock's sacrifice gives Kirk a new beginning, Khan seems to believe that the Genesis Device can literally give him a similar second chance, an opportunity to rule a world of his own making.
On a general level then, Khan is to Lucifer as Kirk is to Hornblower. Khan and Satan are both tragic figures...men who have lost everything. They are both depicted as charismatic, magnetic personalities who are highly narcissistic and overconfident.
It is also frequently stated that Hell is so painful a place because those doomed to eternity there must cope with the enduring "absence of God." Khan seems to bear a grudge against Captain Kirk, similarly, because of Kirk's absence over fifteen years. "Admiral Kirk never bothered to check on our progess," he notes with anger.
In very specific terms, Khan is also a reflection of the Captain Ahab character in Herman Melville's great American novel of 1851, Moby Dick.
As you will recall, that book told the story of a wanderer named Ishmael, and his fateful voyage aboard the whaling ship, Pequod. The vessel was captained by Ahab, an obsessed man who had lost one of his very limbs (a leg...) to his hated nemesis, a white whale. As Ishmael soon learned, Ahab was obsessed with hunting down and delivering his revenge upon that whale...at the cost of everything else.
On no less than three occasions in Star Trek II, Khan recites or echoes dialogue from Moby Dick, specifically Ahab's dialogue.
In the first instance, Khan charts his obsession. "I'll chase him around the Moons of Nibia and round the Antares maelstrom, and around Perdition's flames before I give him up," he tells Joaquin.
In Moby Dick, in Chapter 36, Ahab had similarly said of Moby Dick: "I'll chase him round Good Hope, and round the Horn, and round the Norway Maelstrom, and round Perdition's flames before I give him up."
No further explanation needed there.
In the second instance, Khan spies the Enterprise (limping away to the Mutara Nebula) and shouts. "There she is! There she is! Not so wounded as we were led to believe..."
In this case, Khan's excited utterance is a deliberate echo of Ahab's more ocean-bound exclamation "Thar she blows! Thar she blows!" In both cases, the point of obsession (Enterprise or white whale) is visually recognized, and the final pursuit engaged.
Finally, upon Khan's looming death, he willfully quotes Ahab's last, vile words in Melville's novel. "To the last, I grapple with thee; from Hell's heart I stab at thee; for hate's sake I spit my last breath at thee."
Even with death approaching, Khan cannot cut loose his obsession with Kirk; as Ahab went down forever attached to his quarry, the white whale.
What's so interesting about Khan, however, is that -- unlike Kirk, perhaps -- he quotes literature that provides a pretty negative didactic example. He doesn't learn from it.
If Khan truly sees himself as an Ahab figure (and certainly, both quotes lifted from Ahab suggest that reality), then he must realize that, in life, he has been "cast" as the villain. That's why I note above that this movie is, after a fashion, the "tragedy"of Khan Noonien Singh. Khan knows literature well (like the Shakespeare tragedy, King Lear as well as Moby Dick), yet he is unable to escape from the orbit of that literature; from the role that fate has designated for him. I submit this is because of guilt. Khan must hate himself for the death of his wife almost as much as he hates Kirk.
Khan would have done well to listen to Joaquin: to take Genesis and start a new life. But -- like Ahab -- Khan can not get over his obsession (and his guilt?). The result of Khan's mono-maniacal compulsion to pursue a course of vengeance is the death of all his people on Reliant. This is not a man you would want to follow, despite some attractive personal and leadership qualities.
So, I submit, Khan knows he is a Shakespearean, Melvillian villain. Literature tells him so. As the viewer contextualizes Khan as Ahab, so does Khan do the exact same thing. He is willfully and deliberately playing the role of villain in the situation, invoking Hell and even Satan for his cause. He did the same thing in "Space Seed," comparing himself to Milton's Lucifer.
We Learn by Doing. Or You Have to Learn Why Things Work on a Starship
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| Defeating Khan is an exercise in experience. |
In regards to Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984) and Sean Connery's return to the role of Bond in Never Say Never Again (1983), I wrote a lot about the idea of heroes like Kirk and 007 entering their later years.
Some of the historical context for that idea came out of what was happening in the American public square.
In the early 1980s, America was led by the oldest President in our history, Ronald Reagan. But the same era witnessed the ascent of an affluent youth culture and new modes of expression in everything from movies (with the advent of PG-13) to television with the birth of the music video "clip" on MTV.
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan reflects this uneasiness and tension between age (and wisdom?) with callow youth by landing a "trained crew" (our beloved Star Trek heroes) back aboard the Enterprise, but with a trainee crew, a group of fresh-faced kits who -- as of yet -- may not be able to "steer," in Kirk's words.
This is the Star Trek movie, we must recall, in which we first met Lt. Saavik (Kirstie Alley) and Kirk's hot-blooded young son, David Marcus (Merrit Butrick). Before The Next Generation, they represented the next generation.
Accordingly, much of the film involves the idea that with age and experience come wisdom. This notion is repeated again and again in The Wrath of Khan, from Kirk's reminder to Saavik in the turbo-lift that "we learn by doing," to Spock's nudging of Kirk at Enterprise's departure that "for everything there is a first time."
In the crisis with Khan -- when Saavik professes confusion at Kirk's strategy to lower Reliant's shields -- Kirk admonishes the young officer that she must learn "why" things work on a starship. This is, again, another way of stating that experience is valuable.
And yet the conflict or tension with "youth" is present and acknowledged too. Kirk complains after the engagement with Khan that he must "be going senile," and tells Saavik to go on "quoting regulations."
In other words, Kirk may have experience, but he hasn't yet regained his confidence.
That comes later.
Finally, Kirk ultimately defeats Khan with his experience. Spock provides his captain a cunning analysis, the bread-crumbs of a winning strategy. Spock notes of Khan that the villain is "intelligent, but not experienced" and that his pattern (in command of Reliant) "suggests two dimensional thinking."
In other words, Kirk may be growing old, and he may need glasses (he's allergic to Retinax...), but he can still beat a physically stronger man with a "superior intellect" by remembering his history; by using his experience. In 1980s America this was not a small thing. People accused the young MTV generation of having a "short attention span," for instance. In some ways, the passing of the torch and the value of experience play out in Star Trek II.
Without, hopefully, sounding nasty or elitist, I sometimes worry that folks like Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan so much for the wrong reasons, "short attention span" reasons.. Or maybe I should just say, for shallow ones.
You know, it has space battles in it, where The Motion Picture did not. There's also a charismatic villain in the film, unlike V'Ger in The Motion Picture.
And truthfully, you can see how the Khan storyline, action and villain have been regurgitated unnecessarily in the Star Trek mythos repeatedly since this film proved so successful.
Later on, Khan became the prototype for Soran, R'ualfo, Shinzon, and Nero. And like their illustrious predecessor, each of these pretenders to his throne came bearing a cosmic WMD (the Ribbon, tharalon weapons, Red Matter, etc.)
Truthfully, you can even watch Wrath of Khan today, and detect some of its flaws, too. For instance, the Reliant goes to the wrong planet, mistaking Ceti Alpha V for Ceti Alpha VI.
Talk about sloppy mission preparation!
Then there's the fact that Mr. Chekov never actually met Khan in "Space Seed," the sometimes oppressive use of TMP stock footage in terms of the special effects, and the idea that device meant to re-shape planets can actually -- absent the resources of a world -- create one.
You can argue, debate, and retcon these points to your heart's content. I know I do. But in the final analysis a movie shouldn't have to be explained, or ever appear, on the surface, internally inconsistent.
Still, none of these issues makes the movie a failure in any way, though I always have to laugh when people nitpick The Final Frontier to death ("they got to the center of the galaxy in hours!") but then turn around and act as though Wrath of Khan is immaculate perfection in terms of technicalities.
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| Getting controversy out of the way: Aren't you dead? |
Yet I admire The Wrath of Khan deeply and thoroughly The death of Spock (and his goodbye to Kirk), never fails to move me. And heck yeah, the space battles are tense, viscerally-presented set-pieces
I also enjoy how playful the movie is, down to its acknowledgment of the real-life context surrounding it (particularly the outcry over the death of Spock). That controversy is joked about in the text of the film itself, and the air bleeds out of it; the balloon of apprehension burst.
One line from Shatner and a delicious, raised eyebrow from Nimoy is all it takes: "Aren't you dead?"
I also credit The Wrath of Khan for escaping the gravitational pull of TV-thinking. Star Trek: The Motion Picture ended with, essentially, status quo. As Harlan Ellison famously noted in his review of that film for Starlog, the human adventure wasn't beginning...the door got slammed on it. The guest stars perished, but otherwise, the movie's climax took the leads back to square one. It could have been an episode in an on-going series.
With his diabolical, wonderful and artistic sensibilities, Meyers introduces blood, gore and mortality to the mythos in a way not previously seen. Later franchise movies continued this process with the death of David and the destruction of the Enterprise. But as a consequence of Meyer's aesthetic sensibilities, while watching The Wrath of Khan one clearly gets the idea that the stakes are a lot higher than ever before. I remember a review of the film stating that Khan attempted "universal armageddon" and "nearly got away with it too." Indeed.
Since the movie, by and large, concerns Kirk's realization that he has never faced death (and never experienced the freedom that comes after facing death and putting mortality aside...), this is an appropriate aesthetic choice. Blood spatter on Captain Kirk's uniform; an engineering trainee burned and scarred; a team of scientists hanged from a control room roof, their throats slit. It's almost grim.
Finally, my favorite, purely cinematic moment of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan involves Kirk's realization that there's no cheating death this time. Meyer strings together a series of sequential zooms, to James Horner's expressive score, as Kirk asks "distance from Reliant," and Sulu -- hopelessly -- comments "we're not going to make it, are we?"
Without Spock's sacrifice, no.
That moment, with the zooms-to-close-up on Uhura, Chekov, Takei and Shatner, sells the threat in a palpable, cinematic fashion. We have never seen such fear on the crew's faces. We have never before experienced the team vetting a "no win scenario." It's a beautifully orchestrated moment, and one rarely commented upon. Meyer's insistence on blood, guts and mortality -- real stakes -- makes the moment all the powerful. We sense that this Star Trek movie plays for keeps.
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan is arguably the greatest Star Trek film ever made. Perhaps it took the death of Spock, plus a strong thematic connection to our shared human experience-- our most prized literature -- to bring forth such extreme "life...from lifelessness."
